Isolation,screening and identification of endophytic fungi and detection of its antifungal effects against Alternaria panax / 中国中药杂志

To obtain biocontrol fungus for Alternaria panax,the antifungal effects of one strain of endophytic fungi isolated from leaves of healthy ginseng were screened and evaluated by using dual-culture method,and the taxonomic assignment of the screened strain was identified based on the morphological characters and ITS sequence analysis. The results of dual-culture showed that one of the endophytes marked as FS-01 had good antifungal effects and the inhibitory rates of FS-01 strain to A. panax was( 60. 21±0. 12) %.The hyphae junction of the both strains,A. panax dissolved,broke and winded,while the hyphae of FS-01 strain remained normal. The inhibitory rates of non-sterilized FS-01 strain fermentation liqud was( 13. 94±0. 21) %. Strain FS-01 identified as Chaetomium globosum.

Characterization of tissue expression of ginsenoside biosynthetic gene expression in Panax ginseng / 中国中药杂志

The study is aimed to characterize the tissue expression of 10 key ginsenoside biosynthetic genes using bioinformatics method and real-time quantitative PCR. Heatmap and cluster analysis of 10 ginsenoside biosynthetic genes were performed in four-year-old Jilin ginseng. Using real-time quantitative PCR, the expression correlation of 10 key genes involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis was analyzed in different organs of four-year-old Jilin ginseng including, tissue culture seedling and adventitious root. Pearson correlation was used to analyze the relation between those 10 key genes involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis. The results showed that β-AS and CYP716A52v2 were expressed highly in root of Jilin ginseng and ginseng culture seedling, which was consistent with Ro distribution. In addition, CYP716A53v2 and CYP716A47 which involved in dammarane type ginsenoside biosynthesis were positively correlated, which revealed that the difference of ginsenoside distribution was caused by transport system.

Expression analysis of polar auxin transport mediated gene PIN in Panax ginseng / 药学学报

Polar auxin transport gene PIN (PIN-FORMED) determines the concentration gradient of auxin and plays an important role in development and secondary metabolism of plants. This study was designed to analyze the bioinformatics and expression of the PIN genes in Panax ginseng to explore a novel way of breeding ginseng varieties. Heatmap and cluster analysis of PIN2, PIN3, PIN6 was performed in four-year-old Jilin ginseng. Sequence homology alignment, RT-PCR amplification, sequencing and bioinformatics analysis were used to identify three PIN family genes PgPIN2, PgPIN3 and PgPIN6 in P. ginseng. PIN expression in ginseng adventitious root and culture seedling was analyzed with qRT-PCR technique. Results suggested that in ginseng adventitious root tip, PgPIN3 and PgPIN6 exhibited a high level of expression; in ginseng culture seedling root, PgPIN2 showed a high level of expression; in four-year-old Jilin ginseng at the fruit ripening stage, PgPIN2 and PgPIN6 were highly expressed in root and rhizome, while PgPIN3 had a high level in ginseng leaf, fruit and root. Tissue specific expression profile showed that PgPIN2 and PgPIN6 probably were involved in the development and tropism growth in ginseng roots, while PIN3 might be in relation to the growth and development of the aerial part of plants.

Purification technology of procymidone residues in ginseng extracts by macroporous resins / 中国中药杂志

The macroporous resin separation technology has been mainly applied in the enrichment of saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids and other ingredients, and used in the removal of heavy metal impurities and pesticide residues in recent years. This paper focuses on the synthesis of the new-type macroporous adsorption resin LKS-11 according to the molecular structure characteristics of procymidone. Specifically, the selective absorptive property and other advantages of macroporous resin were utilized to analyze the procymidone removal efficiency in ginseng extracts from different sources. The type of macroporous resins, absorptive property and desorption conditions were observed respectively by static and dynamic adsorption methods to determined the optimum process conditions. According to the results, LKS-11 showed a good absorptive property to procymidone in ginseng extracts and provided a theoretical basis for studies on the removal of procymidone residues from ginseng extracts by using macroporous adsorption resin. Because of no secondary pollution on samples, low production and operation costs, high procymidone removal efficiency and high product recovery rate, this method is suitable to be applied in production.

Research achievements on structures and activities of polysaccharides from Panax ginseng / 中国中药杂志

Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (P. ginseng) has been used as traditional medicine in Asian countries for more than 2,000 years. P. ginseng contains many active components such as ginsenosides, peptides, essential oil and polysaccharides, among which, P. ginseng polysaccharides were reported to have immunomodulating, anti-cancer, anti-adhesive and antioxidant activities. For better understanding of the structures and biological activities of all the ginseng polysaccharides, here the recent research achievements were reviewed. This review would be helpful for the relevant researchers to get useful information.

Chemical constituents from roots and rhizomes of Panax ginseng cultivated in Jilin province / 中国中药杂志

The chemical constituents of the roots and rhizomes of Panax ginseng were systematically investigated by various column chromatographic methods including Amberlite XAD-4 macroporous adsorptive resins and silica gel as well as high-performance liquid chromatography, and their chemical structures were identified by physico-chemical properties and spectral analyses. Twenty-eight compounds were isolated from the 70% ethanolic-aqueous extract and identified as koryoginsenoside R1 (1), ginsenoside Rg1 (2), ginsenoside Rf (3), notoginsenoside R2 (4), ginsenoside Rg2 (5), notoginsenoside Fe (6), ginsenjilinol (7), ginsenoside Re5 (8), noto-ginsenoside N (9), notoginsenoside R1 (10), ginsenoside Re2 (11), ginsenoside Re1 (12), ginsenoside Re (13), ginsenoside Rs2 (14), ginsenoside Ro methyl ester (15), ginsenoside Rd (16), ginsenoside Re3 (17), ginsenoside Re4 (18), 20-gluco-ginsenoside Rf (19), ginsenoside Ro (20), ginsenoside Rc (21), quinquenoside-R1 (22), ginsenoside Ra2 (23), ginsenoside Rb1 (24), ginsenoside Ra1 (25), ginsenoside Ra3 (26), ginsenoside Rb2 (27), and notoginsenoside R4 (28). All isolated compounds are 20 (S) -protopanaxadiol or protopanaxatriol type triterpenoid saponins. Compound 1 was isolated from the roots and rhizomes of P. ginseng cultivated in Jilin province for the first time and compound 6 was isolated from the roots and rhizomes of P. ginseng for the first time. The 1H-NMR data of compounds 6, 14 and 19 were assigned for the first time.

Effects of chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia on immune function in rat / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>AIM</b>To elucidate the effect of CIHH on cellular immunity and humoral immunity in rat by using flow cytometry method, immunohistochemistry method and electron microscopy techniques.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Forty-eight male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: control(CON) group, 14 days CIHH (CIHH14) group, 28 days CIHH (CIHH28) group, 42 days CIHH (CIHH42) group. The animals in CIHH groups were exposed to 14, 28 and 42 days hypobaric hypoxia(simulated 3 000 m altitude, 5 h per day), respectively. Half of the animals in each group was treated with normaxia and the other half animals were treated with acute hypoxia for 1 h. CD3, CD4, CD8 T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, IgG, cortisol, epirenamine and C-reactive protein were examined. The weight and ultrastructure of thymus and spleen were observed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) Compared with CON, both indexes of thymus and spleen in CIHH14 rats were increased significantly. Spleen index, but not thymus index, was increased in CIHH28 and CIHH42 rats. The thymocytes and spleen cytes in rat were injuryed during acute hypoxia, but the damage in CIHH rats was significant slighter than that in CON rats. (2) Compared with CON, CIHH28 and CIHH42, CD8 in CIHH14 rats were decreased, ratios of CD4/CD8 was increased and NK was decreased. (3) The rats of CON during acute hypoxia showed that CD4 was increased, CD8 was decreased, ratio of CD4/CD8 was elevated, and NK was increased. But there were no significant changes of CD3, CD4, CD8 and NK in CIHH28 and CIHH42 animals during acute hypoxia. (4) Compared with CON, CIHH28 and CIHH42, cortisol in CIHH14 rats was increased obviously, Epirenamine, cortisol and C-reactive protein in CON rats were increased, but there were no obvious changes in CIHH rats before and after acute hypoxia.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>CIHH protects the immune function of rat against acute hypoxia, which is related with the regulation of neuroendocrine.</p>

Effect of chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia on α(1)-adrenergic receptor of myocardium participates in the cardioprotection / 生理学报

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (CIHH) on α(1)-adrenergic receptors and the role of alpha(1)-adrenergic receptors in the protection of CIHH against ischemic injury of myocardium. Sixty-six adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: control group (Con), 14-day CIHH treatment group (CIHH14), 28-day CIHH treatment group (CIHH28) and 42-day CIHH treatment group (CIHH42). CIHH rats were exposed to hypoxia mimicking 5 000 m altitude (p(B)=404 mmHg, p(O(2))=84 mmHg) in a hypobaric chamber, 6 h daily for 14, 28 and 42 d, respectively. Control animals lived in the same environment as CIHH animals except hypoxia exposure. After anesthesia with sodium pentobarbital (3.0-3.5 mL/kg body weight, i.p.), papillary muscle was taken from the right ventricle of rat and perfused with modified Tyrode's solution continuously, at constant temperature (37 °C) and perfusion speed (12 mL/min). Muscle contraction was evoked by electric stimuli. Different concentrations (1x10(-7), 1x10(-6) and 1x10(-5) mol/L) of phenylephrine (PE), an alpha(1)-adrenergic receptor agonist, were applied cumulatively to investigate the effect of PE on the mechanic contraction of right ventricular papillary muscles of rats in Con, CIHH14, CIHH28 and CIHH42 groups. Also, prazosin (1x10(-6) mol/L), an α(1)-adrenergic receptor antagonist, was used to investigate the role of α(1)-adrenergic receptor in the protective effect of CIHH on papillary muscle. The results showed: (1) PE increased the maximal isometric tension (P(max)) and maximal velocity of tension development (P(dT/dt)) of muscle contraction in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05), and the increase of the muscle contraction was much greater in CIHH28 and CIHH42 rats than that in Con rats (P<0.05). Under 1x10(-5) mol/L of PE, the increases of P(max) and P(dT/dt) over the baseline were 51.2% and 44.5% in CIHH28 group, 48.6% and 44.5% in CIHH42 group, and 28.7% and 24.5% in Con group, respectively; (2) The contraction of papillary muscle decreased during simulated ischemia, but the decrease was slighter in CIHH rats than that in Con rats (P<0.05). The decreases in P(max) and P(dT/dt) were 59.6% and 53.6% in CIHH28 group, 60.4% and 49.9% in CIHH42 group, and 74.4% and 64.7% in Con group, respectively; (3) The protective effect of CIHH on ischemic papillary muscle was abolished by prazosin (1x10(-6) mol/L). The results of the present study suggest that CIHH increases the activity of α(1)-adrenergic receptor, which is possibly one of the mechanisms for the cardioprotection of CIHH.

Protective effect of polydatin against ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat heart / 生理学报

The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of polydatin against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats and the underlying mechanism. In anesthetized rats, ischemia and reperfusion arrhythmia produced by ligating and loosing the coronary artery was recorded and myocardial infarct size was measured. In Langendorff isolated rat heart, cardiac function was recorded before and after 30 min of global ischemia followed by 60 min of reperfusion. The parameters of cardiac function include left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), maximal differentials of LVDP (±LVdp/dt(max)) and coronary flow (CF) were measured. Myocardial superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, the contents of myocardial malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) as well as the activity of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) were measured in isolated heart. The results showed: (1) Arrhythmia score and myocardial infarct size were significantly lower in polydatin group than that in the control group (P<0.05, P<0.01); (2) The recovery of LVDP, ±LVdp/dt(max) and CF during reperfusion in polydatin group were significantly better than that in the control rats (P<0.05, P<0.01); (3) SOD activity in polydatin group was significantly higher than that in the control group, but MDA content was lower in polydatin group than that in the control group (P<0.05); (4) NO content and NOS activity, especially constitutive nitric oxide synthase (cNOS) activity in polydatin group were higher than that in the control group (P<0.05); (5) L-NAME, the NOS inhibitor, reversed the protective effect of polydatin against ischemia/reperfusion injury. The results suggest that polydatin has a protective effect against ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat heart. The cardioprotection of polydatin is mainly mediated by cNOS which leading to an increase in NO production.

Effects of different modes of intermittent hypobaric hypoxia on ischemia/reperfusion injury in developing rat hearts / 生理学报

The aim of the present study was to explore the effects of two different modes of intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (IHH) on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in developing rat hearts. Postnatal male sprague-Dawley rats (n=72) were divided randomly into 3 groups: intermittent hypoxia at 3 000 m (IHH3000) group, intermittent hypoxia at 5 000 m (IHH5000) group and control group. The isolated hearts were perfused in the Langendorff apparatus, undergoing 30 min of global ischemia and 60 min of reperfusion. Cardiac function, coronary flow and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity were recorded at 5 min before ischemia and 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 60 min during reperfusion, respectively. The heart weight was measured at the end of the experiment. The results showed that: (1) There was no difference in body weight gaining between IHH3000 and control groups. The gain of body weight in IHH5000 group was much lower than that in IHH3000 and control groups (P<0.01). (2) Compared with that in the control group, the recovery of cardiac function in IHH3000 group was enhanced at 60 min after ischemia/reperfusion, coronary flow was increased, and LDH activity was decreased (P<0.05), meaning a cardioprotective effect occurred. There was no significant difference in heart weight between IHH3000 and control groups. In addition, cardiac function restored better in IHH3000 group after 42 d of hypoxic exposure than that after 28 d of hypoxic exposure (P<0.05). (3) Compared with that in the control group, the recovery of cardiac function in IHH5000 group was lower, coronary flow was decreased, and LDH activity was increased (P<0.05). There was a hypertrophy in the right ventricle in IHH5000 group. All changes indicated definitely that a detrimental effect developed in IHH5000 group. The results suggest that proper IHH can protect developing rat hearts against ischemia/reperfusion injury while this effect could be affected by the modes of intermittent hypoxic exposure.

The changes of three endogenous hormones during flower bud differentiation of Schisandga chinensis / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To reveal the relation between endogenous hormones and the flower bud differentiation in Schisandga chinensis.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Top buds of extremely short branch and axillary buds of long branch in the same plant of S. chinensis were used as material and the contents of endogenous hormones were measured during different periods of the flower bud differentiation with HPLC.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The result showed that flower bud differentiation and the formation of female flower were inhibited by high concentration of GA3 and were promoted by high concentration of ABA or ZT. Low ratio of GA3/ABA has the same result.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>There was a correlation between endogenous hormones and the flower bud differentiation of S. chinensis.</p>